The Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 marked the first major defeat of the Mongol Empire, changing the course of medieval history and preserving Islamic civilization.
The War of the Oaken Bucket, a medieval conflict between Bologna and Modena, was sparked by the theft of a wooden bucket. This seemingly trivial event escalated into a significant battle, reflecting the broader political tensions between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
